Virtual splitter

ABSTRACT

A system, program product, and computer implemented method for replicating a consistency group comprising monitoring the latency between one or more splitters of the consistency group and replication appliances in the replication cluster for the consistency group (CG); wherein each replication appliance of the replication appliances is configured to be able to receive IO from the one or more splitters, determining which replication appliance of the replication appliances has the lowest latency after including additional latency resulting from assignment of the CG to the replication appliance, and configuring the splitter to replicate IO from the CG to the replication appliance determined to have the lowest latency.

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document may contain command formats and other computer language listings, all of which are subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to data replication.

BACKGROUND

Computer data is vital to today's organizations, and a significant part of protection against disasters is focused on data protection. As solid-state memory has advanced to the point where cost of memory has become a relatively insignificant factor, organizations can afford to operate with systems that store and process terabytes of data.

Conventional data protection systems include tape backup drives, for storing organizational production site data on a periodic basis. Such systems suffer from several drawbacks. First, they require a system shutdown during backup, since the data being backed up cannot be used during the backup operation. Second, they limit the points in time to which the production site can recover. For example, if data is backed up on a daily basis, there may be several hours of lost data in the event of a disaster. Third, the data recovery process itself takes a long time.

Another conventional data protection system uses data replication, by creating a copy of the organization's production site data on a secondary backup storage system, and updating the backup with changes. The backup storage system may be situated in the same physical location as the production storage system, or in a physically remote location. Data replication systems generally operate either at the application level, at the file system level, at the hypervisor level or at the data block level.

Current data protection systems try to provide continuous data protection, which enable the organization to roll back to any specified point in time within a recent history. Continuous data protection systems aim to satisfy two conflicting objectives, as best as possible; namely, (i) minimize the down time, in which the organization production site data is unavailable, during a recovery, and (ii) enable recovery as close as possible to any specified point in time within a recent history.

Continuous data protection typically uses a technology referred to as “journaling,” whereby a log is kept of changes made to the backup storage. During a recovery, the journal entries serve as successive “undo” information, enabling rollback of the backup storage to previous points in time. Journaling was first implemented in database systems, and was later extended to broader data protection.

One challenge to continuous data protection is the ability of a backup site to keep pace with the data transactions of a production site, without slowing down the production site. The overhead of journaling inherently requires several data transactions at the backup site for each data transaction at the production site. As such, when data transactions occur at a high rate at the production site, the backup site may not be able to finish backing up one data transaction before the next production site data transaction occurs. If the production site is not forced to slow down, then necessarily a backlog of un-logged data transactions may build up at the backup site. Without being able to satisfactorily adapt dynamically to changing data transaction rates, a continuous data protection system chokes and eventually forces the production site to shut down.

SUMMARY

A system, program product, and computer implemented method for replicating a consistency group comprising monitoring the latency between one or more splitters of the consistency group and replication appliances in the replication cluster for the consistency group (CG); wherein each replication appliance of the replication appliances is configured to be able to receive IO from the one or more splitters, determining which replication appliance of the replication appliances has the lowest latency after including additional latency resulting from assignment of the CG to the replication appliance, and configuring the splitter to replicate IO from the CG to the replication appliance determined to have the lowest latency.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Objects, features, and advantages of embodiments disclosed herein may be better understood by referring to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not meant to limit the scope of the claims included herewith. For clarity, not every element may be labeled in every figure. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating embodiments, principles, and concepts. Thus, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a simplified illustration of a data protection system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a simplified illustration of a write transaction for a journal, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a simplified illustration of a hypervisor and replication appliances with latency information, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a simplified example of a method for assigning a consistency group to a new replication appliance, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a simplified illustration of a hypervisor and replication appliances with updated latency information based on assignment of a consistency group, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 is a simplified illustration of a hypervisor and replication appliances across different sites with latency information, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 is a simplified illustration of a hypervisor and replication appliances with updated latency information based on reassignment of a consistency group, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8 is a simplified illustration of a hypervisors with splitters and replication appliances with latency information, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 is a simplified example of a method for assigning consistency group to replication appliances, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 is a simplified illustration of hypervisors and replication appliances with updated latency information based on assignment of consistency groups, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 is a simplified illustration of a hypervisor splitting IO to replication appliances, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 is a simplified illustration of hypervisors splitting IO to a replication appliance, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 13 is an example of an embodiment of an apparatus that may utilize the techniques described herein, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 14 is an example of a method embodied on a computer readable storage medium that may utilize the techniques described herein, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In certain embodiments, it may be beneficial to replicate a virtual machine (VM) and the storage associated with a virtual machine. Typically, virtual replication may present complexity as there may not have been a way to access the 10 for the virtual machine. In an embodiment of the current disclosure, a splitter may run in a virtualization layer in a hypervisor. In certain embodiments, a replication appliance may run in another virtual machine, which may run on the same physical machine or on another physical machine.

In certain embodiments, the current disclosure may enable replication in a virtual environment. In some embodiments, replication may be enabled at a virtual machine level. In most embodiments, the virtual machine may operate in a hypervisor. In at least one embodiment, the hypervisor may be a VMware hypervisor or ESX. In further embodiments, the hypervisor may be a Microsoft or Citrix hypervisor. In at least one embodiment, there may be a splitter, which may intercept IOs arriving at the virtual machine disk. In some embodiments, the Data Protection Appliance (DPA) may be located in the same hypervisor as the virtual machine. In other embodiments, the DPA may be located in a different hypervisor than the virtual machine.

In an embodiment, there may be a filter driver inside the virtualization layer. In certain embodiments, the filter driver may intercept the VM's IOs and may split the IO or redirect the IOs to provide replication. In certain embodiments, a splitter may communicate to a virtual appliance over ISCSI. In another embodiment, a virtual splitter may communicate to a virtual appliance using SCSI protocol over other medium like Fiber Channel, or (Fiber Channel over Ethernet (FCOE). In still other embodiments, a splitter may communicate to a virtual appliance using another protocol. In some embodiments, a virtual appliance may send IOs to a remote virtual appliance, which may write the data to a remote copy of the volume and to a journal. In certain embodiments, the journal may contain a redo log and undo log to allow point in time recovery.

In some embodiments, a virtual splitter may provide copy on write access to a point in time (TSP mode) by reading undo data from the backend volume writing it to a DPA or virtual data protection appliance (vDPA) and writing the data to the disk. In other embodiments, a virtual splitter may provide virtual access by redirecting IOs to a DPA or vDPA. In further embodiments, a virtual splitter may use a read before write protocol.

In certain embodiments, a replication system may have two components, a splitter and a replication appliance. In some embodiments, a splitter may intercept IOs flowing in a data path between a computer or VM and storage and may send the IO synchronously to a production replication appliance. In at least some embodiments, a replication appliance may replicate the IOs either synchronously or asynchronously to a replica site. In most embodiments, a splitting mechanism may add latency to write IOs as the IOs are sent synchronously to the replication appliance. In some embodiments, in virtual environments, a splitter may reside in a kernel of a hypervisor, and the replication appliance may be a virtual appliance.

In at least some embodiments, in a virtual environment, the user may have less control where a virtual appliances resides, as a virtual appliance may typically run on a different sever than the splitter due to availability issues and as multiple VMs may run on different hypervisor hosts and be replicated together in a single consistency group as they belong to the same application.

In some embodiments, a replication appliance may run on a loaded hypervisor server with a high response time delaying the VM's IOs. In other embodiments, a hypervisor cluster may be stretched over a distance and thus the response time for a virtual appliance that is a distance away from the splitter may be higher. In most embodiments, a splitter may connect to multiple replication appliances.

In certain embodiments, the response time between splitters and replication devices may be monitored. In some embodiments, based on response times, a splitter may match split IOs of a VM or consistency group to a replication appliance to minimize IO latency. In certain embodiments, replication devices may be slowed for a number of reasons. In a first embodiment, a replication device may be slowed because the hypervisor running the replication device has additional work load that lowers the CPU cycles given to the replication device. In other embodiments, the replication device may be handling IO from a number of splitters, which slows response time to each splitter. In still other embodiments, access to the replication device may be slowed by network latency.

In other embodiments, splitter statistics for each splitter may be collected by a master replication appliance. In certain embodiments, a replication cluster may have multiple appliances running. In some embodiments, one appliance may control the cluster e.g. the leader appliance. In at least one embodiment, a leader appliance may collect the current splitter response time statistics. In some embodiments, the system may make decisions on movement of CGs between replication appliances. In certain embodiments, a replication appliance may evaluate a Consistency Group (CG) at a time. In most embodiments, a consistency group may have one or more virtual machines. In at least one embodiment, the members of a consistency group may be replicated by the same vRPA. In most embodiments, a replication appliance may go over the virtual machines which belong to a CG (in some embodiments there may only be one VM in the CG). In certain embodiments, a replication appliance may check the response time from each splitter running on a hypervisor to each appliance and based on the response time may replicate IO another replication appliance. In other embodiments, the system may move a full replication appliance to run on a different hypervisor using vmotion or live migration if the hypervisor is too loaded. In some embodiments, it may not be possible to move a VM running a replication appliance as a single replication appliance may run multiple CGs and moving the appliance to a less loaded hypervisor may not fix latency if the replication appliance handles IO from many splitters. In further embodiments, before a splitter is configured to split IO to a new replication appliance a determination may be made how moving the splitter to the new replication appliance would impact the latency of the new replication appliance and the splitter.

The following may be helpful in understanding the specification and claims:

BACKUP SITE—may be a facility where replicated production site data is stored; the backup site may be located in a remote site or at the same location as the production site; a backup site may be a virtual or physical site

CLONE—a clone may be a copy or clone of the image or images, drive or drives of a first location at a second location;

DELTA MARKING STREAM—may mean the tracking of the delta between the production and replication site, which may contain the meta data of changed locations, the delta marking stream may be kept persistently on the journal at the production site of the replication, based on the delta marking data the DPA knows which locations are different between the production and the replica and transfers them to the replica to make both sites identical.

DPA—may be Data Protection Appliance a computer or a cluster of computers, or a set of processes that serve as a data protection appliance, responsible for data protection services including inter alia data replication of a storage system, and journaling of I/O requests issued by a host computer to the storage system; The DPA may be a physical device, a virtual device running, or may be a combination of a virtual and physical device.

RPA—may be replication protection appliance, is another name for DPA. An RPA may be a virtual DPA or a physical DPA.

HOST—may be at least one computer or networks of computers that runs at least one data processing application that issues I/O requests to one or more storage systems; a host is an initiator with a SAN; a host may be a virtual machine

HOST DEVICE—may be an internal interface in a host, to a logical storage unit;

IMAGE—may be a copy of a logical storage unit at a specific point in time;

INITIATOR—may be a node in a SAN that issues I/O requests;

JOURNAL—may be a record of write transactions issued to a storage system; used to maintain a duplicate storage system, and to rollback the duplicate storage system to a previous point in time;

LOGICAL UNIT—may be a logical entity provided by a storage system for accessing data from the storage system;

LUN—may be a logical unit number for identifying a logical unit; may also refer to one or more virtual disks or virtual LUNs, which may correspond to one or more Virtual Machines. LUN may be used interchangeably with LU herein.

Management and deployment tools—may provide the means to deploy, control and manage the RP solution through the virtual environment management tools

PHYSICAL STORAGE UNIT—may be a physical entity, such as a disk or an array of disks, for storing data in storage locations that can be accessed by address;

PRODUCTION SITE—may be a facility where one or more host computers run data processing applications that write data to a storage system and read data from the storage system; may be a virtual or physical site

SAN—may be a storage area network of nodes that send and receive I/O and other requests, each node in the network being an initiator or a target, or both an initiator and a target;

SOURCE SIDE—may be a transmitter of data within a data replication workflow, during normal operation a production site is the source side; and during data recovery a backup site is the source side; may be a virtual or physical site

SNAPSHOT—a Snapshot may refer to differential representations of an image, i.e. the snapshot may have pointers to the original volume, and may point to log volumes for changed locations. Snapshots may be combined into a snapshot array, which may represent different images over a time period.

STORAGE SYSTEM—may be a SAN entity that provides multiple logical units for access by multiple SAN initiators

TARGET—may be a node in a SAN that replies to I/O requests;

TARGET SIDE—may be a receiver of data within a data replication workflow; during normal operation a back site is the target side, and during data recovery a production site is the target side; may be a virtual or physical site

WAN—may be a wide area network that connects local networks and enables them to communicate with one another, such as the Internet.

SPLITTER/PROTECTION AGENT: may be an agent running either on a production host a switch or a storage array which can intercept IO and split them to a DPA and to the storage array, fail IO redirect IO or do any other manipulation to the IO; the splitter or protection agent may be used in both physical and virtual systems. The splitter may be in the IO stack of a system and may be located in the hypervisor for virtual machines.

VIRTUAL VOLUME: may be a volume which is exposed to host by a virtualization layer, the virtual volume may be spanned across more than one site and or volumes

VASA: may be a set of vCenter providers that allow an administrator to manage storage

Virtualization filter appliance (VFA): may be a layer in the hypervisor that has the ability intercepts and split 10 from a VM being written to a virtual disk. In some embodiments, the VFA may be running on a VM in a hypervisor

This is an out of mechanism that allows storage management over web based APIs.

VVOL-filter—may be a VM utilizing a specialized Virtual machine, which may provide an infrastructure that allows for introducing a “device driver” into the virtualized 10 stack provided by the Virtual machine

Virtual RPA (vRPA)/Virtual DPA (vDPA): may be a data protection appliance (DPA) running in a VM.

VASA may be vSphere Storage application program interfaces (APIs) for Storage Awareness.

DISTRIBUTED MIRROR: may be a mirror of a volume across distance, either metro or geo, which is accessible at all sites.

BLOCK VIRTUALIZATION: may be a layer, which takes backend storage volumes and by slicing concatenation and striping create a new set of volumes, which serve as base volumes or devices in the virtualization layer

MARKING ON SPLITTER: may be a mode in a splitter where intercepted IOs are not split to an appliance and the storage, but changes (meta data) are tracked in a list and/or a bitmap and 110 is immediately sent to down the IO stack.

FAIL ALL MODE: may be a mode of a volume in the splitter where all write and read IOs intercepted by the splitter are failed to the host, but other SCSI commands like read capacity are served.

GLOBAL FAIL ALL MODE: may be a mode of a volume in the virtual layer where all write and read IOs virtual layer are failed to the host, but other SCSI commands like read capacity are served.

LOGGED ACCESS: may be an access method provided by the appliance and the splitter, in which the appliance rolls the volumes of the consistency group to the point in time the user requested and let the host access the volumes in a copy on first write base.

VIRTUAL ACCESS: may be an access method provided by the appliance and the splitter, in which the appliance exposes a virtual volume from a specific point in time to the host, the data for the virtual volume is partially stored on the remote copy and partially stored on the journal.

CDP: Continuous Data Protection, may refer to a full replica of a volume or a set of volumes along with a journal which allows any point in time access, the CDP copy is at the same site, and maybe the same storage array of the production site

CRR: Continuous Remote Replica may refer to a full replica of a volume or a set of volumes along with a journal which allows any point in time access at a site remote to the production volume and on a separate storage array.

A description of journaling and some techniques associated with journaling may be described in the patent titled METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR OPTIMAL JOURNALING FOR CONTINUOUS DATA REPLICATION and with U.S. Pat. No. 7,516,287, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

A discussion of image access may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/969,903 entitled “DYNAMIC LUN RESIZING IN A REPLICATION ENVIRONMENT” filed on Dec. 16, 2010 assigned to EMC Corp., which is hereby incorporated by reference.

A discussion of journal based replication may be integrated with a virtual service layer. may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/077,256, 13/077,262, and 13/077,266, entitled “CONSISTENT REPLICATION IN A GEOGRAPHICALLY DISPERSE ACTIVE ENVIRONMENT,” “INVERSE STAR REPLICATION,” and “NETWORKED BASED REPLICATION OF DISTRIBUTED VOLUMES,” respectively, filed on Dec. 16, 2010 assigned to EMC Corp., which is hereby incorporated by reference.

A discussion of virtual replication may be may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/599,492, entitled “MULTI SITE AND MULTI TENANCY,” filed on Aug. 30, 2012 assigned to EMC Corp., which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Description of Embodiments Using of a Five State Journaling Process

Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which is a simplified illustration of a data protection system 100, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Shown in FIG. 1 are two sites; Site I, which is a production site, on the right, and Site II, which is a backup site, on the left. Under normal operation the production site is the source side of system 100, and the backup site is the target side of the system. The backup site is responsible for replicating production site data. Additionally, the backup site enables rollback of Site I data to an earlier pointing time, which may be used in the event of data corruption of a disaster, or alternatively in order to view or to access data from an earlier point in time.

During normal operations, the direction of replicate data flow goes from source side to target side. It is possible, however, for a user to reverse the direction of replicate data flow, in which case Site I starts to behave as a target backup site, and Site II starts to behave as a source production site. Such change of replication direction is referred to as a “failover”. A failover may be performed in the event of a disaster at the production site, or for other reasons. In some data architectures, Site I or Site II behaves as a production site for a portion of stored data, and behaves simultaneously as a backup site for another portion of stored data. In some data architectures, a portion of stored data is replicated to a backup site, and another portion is not.

The production site and the backup site may be remote from one another, or they may both be situated at a common site, local to one another. Local data protection has the advantage of minimizing data lag between target and source, and remote data protection has the advantage is being robust in the event that a disaster occurs at the source side.

The source and target sides communicate via a wide area network (WAN) 128, although other types of networks are also adaptable for use with the present invention.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, each side of system 100 includes three major components coupled via a storage area network (SAN); namely, (i) a storage system, (ii) a host computer, and (iii) a data protection appliance (DPA). Specifically with reference to FIG. 1, the source side SAN includes a source host computer 104, a source storage system 108, and a source DPA 112. Similarly, the target side SAN includes a target host computer 116, a target storage system 120, and a target DPA 124.

Generally, a SAN includes one or more devices, referred to as “nodes”. A node in a SAN may be an “initiator” or a “target”, or both. An initiator node is a device that is able to initiate requests to one or more other devices; and a target node is a device that is able to reply to requests, such as SCSI commands, sent by an initiator node. A SAN may also include network switches, such as fiber channel switches. The communication links between each host computer and its corresponding storage system may be any appropriate medium suitable for data transfer, such as fiber communication channel links.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the host communicates with its corresponding storage system using small computer system interface (SCSI) commands.

System 100 includes source storage system 108 and target storage system 120. Each storage system includes physical storage units for storing data, such as disks or arrays of disks. Typically, storage systems 108 and 120 are target nodes. In order to enable initiators to send requests to storage system 108, storage system 108 exposes one or more logical units (LU) to which commands are issued. Thus, storage systems 108 and 120 are SAN entities that provide multiple logical units for access by multiple SAN initiators.

Logical units are a logical entity provided by a storage system, for accessing data stored in the storage system. A logical unit is identified by a unique logical unit number (LUN). In an embodiment of the present invention, storage system 108 exposes a logical unit 136, designated as LU A, and storage system 120 exposes a logical unit 156, designated as LU B.

In an embodiment of the present invention, LU B is used for replicating LU A. As such, LU B is generated as a copy of LU A. In one embodiment, LU B is configured so that its size is identical to the size of LU A. Thus for LU A, storage system 120 serves as a backup for source side storage system 108. Alternatively, as mentioned hereinabove, some logical units of storage system 120 may be used to back up logical units of storage system 108, and other logical units of storage system 120 may be used for other purposes. Moreover, in certain embodiments of the present invention, there is symmetric replication whereby some logical units of storage system 108 are used for replicating logical units of storage system 120, and other logical units of storage system 120 are used for replicating other logical units of storage system 108.

System 100 includes a source side host computer 104 and a target side host computer 116. A host computer may be one computer, or a plurality of computers, or a network of distributed computers, each computer may include inter alia a conventional CPU, volatile and non-volatile memory, a data bus, an I/O interface, a display interface and a network interface. Generally a host computer runs at least one data processing application, such as a database application and an e-mail server.

Generally, an operating system of a host computer creates a host device for each logical unit exposed by a storage system in the host computer SAN. A host device is a logical entity in a host computer, through which a host computer may access a logical unit. In an embodiment of the present invention, host device 104 identifies LU A and generates a corresponding host device 140, designated as Device A, through which it can access LU A. Similarly, host computer 116 identifies LU B and generates a corresponding device 160, designated as Device B.

In an embodiment of the present invention, in the course of continuous operation, host computer 104 is a SAN initiator that issues I/O requests (write/read operations) through host device 140 to LU A using, for example, SCSI commands. Such requests are generally transmitted to LU A with an address that includes a specific device identifier, an offset within the device, and a data size. Offsets are generally aligned to 512 byte blocks. The average size of a write operation issued by host computer 104 may be, for example, 10 kilobytes (KB); i.e., 20 blocks. For an I/O rate of 50 megabytes (MB) per second, this corresponds to approximately 5,000 write transactions per second.

System 100 includes two data protection appliances, a source side DPA 112 and a target side DPA 124. A DPA performs various data protection services, such as data replication of a storage system, and journaling of I/O requests issued by a host computer to source side storage system data. As explained in detail hereinbelow, when acting as a target side DPA, a DPA may also enable rollback of data to an earlier point in time, and processing of rolled back data at the target site. Each DPA 112 and 124 is a computer that includes inter alia one or more conventional CPUs and internal memory.

For additional safety precaution, each DPA is a cluster of such computers. Use of a cluster ensures that if a DPA computer is down, then the DPA functionality switches over to another computer. The DPA computers within a DPA cluster communicate with one another using at least one communication link suitable for data transfer via fiber channel or IP based protocols, or such other transfer protocol. One computer from the DPA cluster serves as the DPA leader. The DPA cluster leader coordinates between the computers in the cluster, and may also perform other tasks that require coordination between the computers, such as load balancing.

In the architecture illustrated in FIG. 1, DPA 112 and DPA 124 are standalone devices integrated within a SAN. Alternatively, each of DPA 112 and DPA 124 may be integrated into storage system 108 and storage system 120, respectively, or integrated into host computer 104 and host computer 116, respectively. Both DPAs communicate with their respective host computers through communication lines such as fiber channels using, for example, SCSI commands.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, DPAs 112 and 124 are configured to act as initiators in the SAN; i.e., they can issue I/O requests using, for example, SCSI commands, to access logical units on their respective storage systems. DPA 112 and DPA 124 are also configured with the necessary functionality to act as targets; i.e., to reply to I/O requests, such as SCSI commands, issued by other initiators in the SAN, including inter alia their respective host computers 104 and 116. Being target nodes, DPA 112 and DPA 124 may dynamically expose or remove one or more logical units.

As described hereinabove, Site I and Site II may each behave simultaneously as a production site and a backup site for different logical units. As such, DPA 112 and DPA 124 may each behave as a source DPA for some logical units and as a target DPA for other logical units, at the same time.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, host computer 104 and host computer 116 include protection agents 144 and 164, respectively. Protection agents 144 and 164 intercept SCSI commands issued by their respective host computers, via host devices to logical units that are accessible to the host computers. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a data protection agent may act on an intercepted SCSI commands issued to a logical unit, in one of the following ways:

Send the SCSI commands to its intended logical unit.

Redirect the SCSI command to another logical unit.

Split the SCSI command by sending it first to the respective DPA. After the DPA returns an acknowledgement, send the SCSI command to its intended logical unit.

Fail a SCSI command by returning an error return code.

Delay a SCSI command by not returning an acknowledgement to the respective host computer.

A protection agent may handle different SCSI commands, differently, according to the type of the command. For example, a SCSI command inquiring about the size of a certain logical unit may be sent directly to that logical unit, while a SCSI write command may be split and sent first to a DPA associated with the agent. A protection agent may also change its behavior for handling SCSI commands, for example as a result of an instruction received from the DPA.

Specifically, the behavior of a protection agent for a certain host device generally corresponds to the behavior of its associated DPA with respect to the logical unit of the host device. When a DPA behaves as a source site DPA for a certain logical unit, then during normal course of operation, the associated protection agent splits I/O requests issued by a host computer to the host device corresponding to that logical unit. Similarly, when a DPA behaves as a target device for a certain logical unit, then during normal course of operation, the associated protection agent fails I/O requests issued by host computer to the host device corresponding to that logical unit.

Communication between protection agents and their respective DPAs may use any protocol suitable for data transfer within a SAN, such as fiber channel, or SCSI over fiber channel. The communication may be direct, or via a logical unit exposed by the DPA. In an embodiment of the present invention, protection agents communicate with their respective DPAs by sending SCSI commands over fiber channel.

In an embodiment of the present invention, protection agents 144 and 164 are drivers located in their respective host computers 104 and 116. Alternatively, a protection agent may also be located in a fiber channel switch, or in any other device situated in a data path between a host computer and a storage system.

What follows is a detailed description of system behavior under normal production mode, and under recovery mode.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, in production mode DPA 112 acts as a source site DPA for LU A. Thus, protection agent 144 is configured to act as a source side protection agent; i.e., as a splitter for host device A. Specifically, protection agent 144 replicates SCSI I/O requests. A replicated SCSI I/O request is sent to DPA 112. After receiving an acknowledgement from DPA 124, protection agent 144 then sends the SCSI I/O request to LU A. Only after receiving a second acknowledgement from storage system 108 may host computer 104 initiate another I/O request.

When DPA 112 receives a replicated SCSI write request from data protection agent 144, DPA 112 transmits certain I/O information characterizing the write request, packaged as a “write transaction”, over WAN 128 to DPA 124 on the target side, for journaling and for incorporation within target storage system 120.

DPA 112 may send its write transactions to DPA 124 using a variety of modes of transmission, including inter alia (i) a synchronous mode, (ii) an asynchronous mode, and (iii) a snapshot mode. In synchronous mode, DPA 112 sends each write transaction to DPA 124, receives back an acknowledgement from DPA 124, and in turns sends an acknowledgement back to protection agent 144. Protection agent 144 waits until receipt of such acknowledgement before sending the SCSI write request to LU A.

In asynchronous mode, DPA 112 sends an acknowledgement to protection agent 144 upon receipt of each I/O request, before receiving an acknowledgement back from DPA 124.

In snapshot mode, DPA 112 receives several I/O requests and combines them into an aggregate “snapshot” of all write activity performed in the multiple I/O requests, and sends the snapshot to DPA 124, for journaling and for incorporation in target storage system 120. In snapshot mode DPA 112 also sends an acknowledgement to protection agent 144 upon receipt of each I/O request, before receiving an acknowledgement back from DPA 124.

For the sake of clarity, the ensuing discussion assumes that information is transmitted at write-by-write granularity.

While in production mode, DPA 124 receives replicated data of LU A from DPA 112, and performs journaling and writing to storage system 120. When applying write operations to storage system 120, DPA 124 acts as an initiator, and sends SCSI commands to LU B.

During a recovery mode, DPA 124 undoes the write transactions in the journal, so as to restore storage system 120 to the state it was at, at an earlier time.

As described hereinabove, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, LU B is used as a backup of LU A. As such, during normal production mode, while data written to LU A by host computer 104 is replicated from LU A to LU B, host computer 116 should not be sending I/O requests to LU B. To prevent such I/O requests from being sent, protection agent 164 acts as a target site protection agent for host Device B and fails I/O requests sent from host computer 116 to LU B through host Device B.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, target storage system 120 exposes a logical unit 176, referred to as a “journal LU”, for maintaining a history of write transactions made to LU B, referred to as a “journal”. Alternatively, journal LU 176 may be striped over several logical units, or may reside within all of or a portion of another logical unit. DPA 124 includes a journal processor 180 for managing the journal.

Journal processor 180 functions generally to manage the journal entries of LU B. Specifically, journal processor 180 (i) enters write transactions received by DPA 124 from DPA 112 into the journal, by writing them into the journal LU, (ii) applies the journal transactions to LU B, and (iii) updates the journal entries in the journal LU with undo information and removes already-applied transactions from the journal. As described below, with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3A-3D, journal entries include four streams, two of which are written when write transaction are entered into the journal, and two of which are written when write transaction are applied and removed from the journal.

Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a simplified illustration of a write transaction 200 for a journal, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The journal may be used to provide an adaptor for access to storage 120 at the state it was in at any specified point in time. Since the journal contains the “undo” information necessary to rollback storage system 120, data that was stored in specific memory locations at the specified point in time may be obtained by undoing write transactions that occurred subsequent to such point in time.

Write transaction 200 generally includes the following fields:

one or more identifiers;

a time stamp, which is the date & time at which the transaction was received by source side DPA 112;

a write size, which is the size of the data block;

a location in journal LU 176 where the data is entered;

a location in LU B where the data is to be written; and

the data itself.

Write transaction 200 is transmitted from source side DPA 112 to target side DPA 124. As shown in FIG. 2, DPA 124 records the write transaction 200 in four streams. A first stream, referred to as a DO stream, includes new data for writing in LU B. A second stream, referred to as an DO METADATA stream, includes metadata for the write transaction, such as an identifier, a date & time, a write size, a beginning address in LU B for writing the new data in, and a pointer to the offset in the do stream where the corresponding data is located. Similarly, a third stream, referred to as an UNDO stream, includes old data that was overwritten in LU B; and a fourth stream, referred to as an UNDO METADATA, include an identifier, a date & time, a write size, a beginning address in LU B where data was to be overwritten, and a pointer to the offset in the undo stream where the corresponding old data is located.

In practice each of the four streams holds a plurality of write transaction data. As write transactions are received dynamically by target DPA 124, they are recorded at the end of the DO stream and the end of the DO METADATA stream, prior to committing the transaction. During transaction application, when the various write transactions are applied to LU B, prior to writing the new DO data into addresses within the storage system, the older data currently located in such addresses is recorded into the UNDO stream.

By recording old data, a journal entry can be used to “undo” a write transaction. To undo a transaction, old data is read from the UNDO stream in a reverse order, from the most recent data to the oldest data, for writing into addresses within LU B. Prior to writing the UNDO data into these addresses, the newer data residing in such addresses is recorded in the DO stream.

The journal LU is partitioned into segments with a pre-defined size, such as 1 MB segments, with each segment identified by a counter. The collection of such segments forms a segment pool for the four journaling streams described hereinabove. Each such stream is structured as an ordered list of segments, into which the stream data is written, and includes two pointers—a beginning pointer that points to the first segment in the list and an end pointer that points to the last segment in the list.

According to a write direction for each stream, write transaction data is appended to the stream either at the end, for a forward direction, or at the beginning, for a backward direction. As each write transaction is received by DPA 124, its size is checked to determine if it can fit within available segments. If not, then one or more segments are chosen from the segment pool and appended to the stream's ordered list of segments.

Thereafter the DO data is written into the DO stream, and the pointer to the appropriate first or last segment is updated. Freeing of segments in the ordered list is performed by simply changing the beginning or the end pointer. Freed segments are returned to the segment pool for re-use.

A journal may be made of any number of streams including less than or more than 5 streams. Often, based on the speed of the journaling and whether the back-up is synchronous or a synchronous a fewer or greater number of streams may be used.

Splitter

Refer now to the example embodiment of FIG. 3, which illustrates replication devices that are able to replicate IO from a splitter. Hypervisor 310 has VM 330 and splitter 335 which intercepts IO 307. In most embodiments, VM 330 sends IO 307 down the IO stack, splitter 335 intercepts the IO. Splitter 335 is configured to split IO 307 to replication cluster 375 and to send IO 307 to storage 350, which has volume 360. Replication cluster 375 has hypervisor 315, hypervisor 320, and hypervisor 325. Hypervisors 315, 320, and 325 each run vRPAs 318, 323, and 328 respectively. vPRAs 318, 323, and 328 are part of replication cluster 375 and are configured to be able to replicate IO send from splitter 335 to replica volume 380. Each vRPA of 318, 323, and 328 has a latency characteristic for it, 0.6 ms for vRPA 318, 0.8 MS for vRPA 323, and 0.3 ms for vRPA 328.

Refer now to the example embodiments of FIGS. 4 and 5, which illustrate assignment of a consistency group to a replication appliance. The latency of vRPA 518, vRPA 523, and vRPA 328 is monitored (step 400). A determination is made that vRPA 528 would offer the lowest latency after splitter 335 has been assigned to split IO from VM 330 to vRPA 528 (step 410). Splitter 535 is configured to replicate IO 507 from VM 530 to vRPA 528, which sends IO to replica volume 580. Latency for vRPA 528 has increased from 0.3 ms to 0.4 ms based on the addition of the IO from splitter 535. A similar calculation was made for vRPA 518 and vRPA 523, however vRPA 528 offered the best respective performance after adding the additional 10 being split.

Refer now to the example embodiment of FIG. 6, which illustrates a splitter and hypervisors at different sites. In the example embodiment of FIG. 6, site 1 612 has hypervisor 610 and storage 650 storage 650 may be distributed storage spanning multiple sites like EMC VPLEX. Hypervisor 610 has VM 630 which has its IO, such as IO 607, intercepted by splitter 635. Splitter 635 is configured to replicate IO from VM 630 to replication cluster 675. In the example embodiment of FIG. 6, the hypervisor and replication cluster 675 spans two sites, site 614 and site 616. Site 614 has hypervisor 615 with vRPA 618 and Hypervisor 620 with vRPA 623. Site 616 has hypervisor 625 with vRPA 628. Each vRPA has a different latency with respect to splitter 635 with vRPA 618 having a latency of 0.6 ms, vRPA 623 having a latency of 0.4 ms, and vRPA having a latency of 10.3 ms. The large latency of vRPA 628 may indicate that the vRPA is located in a geographically disparate location from splitter 635. Currently, splitter 635 is replicating IO from VM 630 to vRPA 628 and the latency may be impacting VM 630, as the splitter may be slowing responses to VM 630.

Refer now to the example embodiments of FIGS. 4 and 7, which illustrate reassigning a consistency group to a different replication appliance within a replication cluster. The latency of vRPA 718, vRPA 723, and vRPA 728 is monitored (step 400). A determination is made that vRPA 723 would offer the lowest latency after the splitter has been configured to replicate the consistency group to vRPA 728 (step 410). Splitter 735 is configured to replicate IO 507 from VM 730 to vRPA 723 instead of vRPA 728, which sends IO to replica volume 780. Latency for vRPA 723 has increased from 0.4 ms to 0.5 ms based on the addition of the IO from splitter 735. A similar calculation was made for vRPA 718 and vRPA 728, however vRPA 723 offered the best respective performance after adding the additional IO being split.

Refer now to the example embodiment of FIG. 8, which illustrates multiple splitters configured to replicate IO to a replication cluster. In the example embodiment of FIG. 8, there are two hypervisors, hypervisor 810 and 811. Hypervisor 810 has VM 830, IO 807, and splitter 835. Hypervisor 811 has VM 831, IO 808, and splitter 836. Splitter 835 and splitter 836 are configured to replicate IO from VMs 830 and 831, respectively, to replication cluster 875. Replication cluster 875 has hypervisors 815, 820, and 825. Hypervisor 815 has vRPA 818, Hypervisor 820 has vRPA 823, and Hypervisor 825 has vRPA 828 and each vRPA is configured to replicate IO from splitter 835 and splitter 836. vRPA 818 has latency of 0.6 ms for splitter 835 and a latency of 0.7 ms for splitter 836, vRPA 823 has latency of 0.8 ms for splitter 835 and a latency of 0.8 ms for splitter 836, and vRPA 828 has latency of 0.4 ms for splitter 835 and a latency of 0.3 ms for splitter 836 and each vRPA is able to send IO to replica volume 880 and replica volume 881.

Refer now to the example embodiments of FIGS. 9 and 10, which illustrate assigning consistency groups to replication appliances. The latency of vRPAs 1018, 1023, and 1028 is monitored (step 900). The loads of vRPAs 1018, 1023, and 1028 are determined from the adding IO from splitter 1035 and 1036 to each vRPA (step 905). Based on the determined loads, vRPA 1028 is assigned to replicate IO from splitter 1035 and vRPA 1018 is assigned to replicate IO from splitter 1036. Based on this allocation, the latency of vRPA 1028 has increased from 0.4 ms to 0.5 ms and the latency of vRPa 1018 has increased from 0.7 ms to 0.8 ms.

Refer now to the example embodiment of FIG. 11, which illustrates a hypervisor splitting IO from VMs, each of which are in a different consistency group, to replication appliances. In the example embodiment of FIG. 11, hypervisor 1110 has VM 1130, VM 1131, and VM 1132 and the VMS are a different consistency group. VM 1130, VM 1131, and VM 1132 send IO, respectively IOs 1107, 1108, and 1109 to storage 1150. IOs 1107, 1108, and 1109 are intercepted by splitter 1135. Splitter 1135 is assigned to split the IO from VM 1130, VM 1131, and VM 1132 to replication cluster 1175. Splitter sends the IO to the replications appliances based on the latency of vRPA 1118, vRPA 1123, and vPRA 1128, which make up replication cluster 1175. Refer now as well to the example embodiment of FIG. 4. The latency of vRPA 1118, vRPA 1123, and vPRA 1128 is monitored (Step 400). A vRPA is chosen for each IO intercepted by splitter 1135 (Step 410). In this embodiment, VM 1131 and VM 1132 are assigned to split IO to vRPA 1128 and VM 1120 is assigned to vRPA 1118 based on latency conditions.

In certain embodiments, a single splitter may split many CGs (where each CG represents a single or multiple VMs). In other embodiments, CGs may run on multiple vRPAs, and the splitter may split to all the RPAs. In some embodiments, determination of the best assignment of consistency groups to replication appliances may require optimizing multiple parameters like the effect of each consistency group on the latency and the load of each replication appliance and the assignment algorithm may be based on machine learning algorithms. In other embodiments, other optimization and/or pathing techniques may be used to perform the assignment of consistency groups to replication appliances. In certain embodiments, the optimization or pathing techniques may be periodically run. In other embodiments, the assignments may be changed when observed latency becomes too long. In certain embodiments, the assignments may periodically be evaluated and changed.

Refer now to the example embodiment of FIG. 12, which illustrates a consistency group being replicated to a vRPA. In the example embodiment of FIG. 12, hypervisor 1210 and hypervisor 1211 have splitters 1235 and 1236, respectively, and run VM 1230 and VM 1231 respectively. VMs 1230 and 1231 are part of consistency group 1229. Consistency group 1229 is to be replicated to a single vRPA. In this embodiment, each splitter, splitter 1235 and splitter 1236 has a different latency to each vRPA, 1218, 1223, and 1228. In this embodiment, the latency for the splitter is made up of latency in the splitter communicating with the vRPA as well as the load placed on the vRPA. In this embodiment, based on the observed latency vRPA 1228 has been determined to best replicate consistency group 1229. In this embodiment, any of vRPA 1218, 1223, or 1228 may be chosen as a master replication appliance. In this embodiment, each vRPA is capably of monitoring the latency of the splitters.

The methods and apparatus of this invention may take the form, at least partially, of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, random access or read only-memory, or any other machine-readable storage medium. When the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as the computer of FIG. 13, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on one or more general-purpose processors, the program code combines with such a processor 1303 to provide a unique apparatus that operates analogously to specific logic circuits. As such a general purpose digital machine can be transformed into a special purpose digital machine. FIG. 14 shows Program Logic 1434 embodied on a computer-readable medium 1430 as shown, and wherein the Logic is encoded in computer-executable code configured for carrying out the reservation service process of this invention and thereby forming a Computer Program Product 1400. The logic 1434 may be the same logic 1340 on memory 1304 loaded on processor 1303. The program logic may also be embodied in software modules, as modules, or as hardware modules.

The logic for carrying out the method may be embodied as part of the system described below, which is useful for carrying out a method described with reference to embodiments shown in, for example, FIG. 4 and FIG. 7. For purposes of illustrating the present invention, the invention is described as embodied in a specific configuration and using special logical arrangements, but one skilled in the art will appreciate that the device is not limited to the specific configuration but rather only by the claims included with this specification.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the present implementations are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer implemented method for replicating a consistency group comprising: monitoring input/output (IO) latency between one or more splitters of the consistency group and replication appliances in a replication cluster for the consistency group (CG); wherein each replication appliance of the replication appliances is configured to be able to receive IO from the one or more splitters; wherein the one or more splitters split IO at a production site by intercepting IO in a data path being written to storage, creating a copy of the IO, and sending the copy to one or more of the replication appliances; wherein the IO latency is the time to send the copy of the IO to a replication appliance; determining which replication appliance of the replication appliances has a lowest latency to receive IO split from a splitter of the one or more splitters; wherein the lowest latency includes the IO latency and an additional latency resulting from a proposed assignment of the CG split by the splitter to the replication appliance; wherein the additional latency results from an addition load on the replication appliance handling IO split from the splitter of the one or more splitter; and configuring the splitter to replicate IO from the CG to the replication appliance determined to have the lowest latency.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein each replication appliance in the replication cluster runs on a different hypervisor; wherein a hypervisor is enabled to run one or more virtual machines.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein at least one of the hypervisors is located on a geographically disparate site from at least one other hypervisor.
 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the monitoring is performed by a master replication appliance and wherein the master replication appliance determines and assigns splitters to replication appliances in the replication cluster.
 5. The method of claim 3 wherein the splitter intercepts IO from a virtual machine running in a hypervisor being sent to a virtual disk of the virtual machine.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the current load on each replication appliance is considered before the determining and wherein at least one splitter of the one or more slitters runs in a virtualization layer in a hypervisor.
 7. The method of claim 5 wherein the best allocation of CGs to replication appliances is determined by a machine learning algorithm.
 8. A computer program product comprising: a non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with computer executable program code for replication of data, the code configured to enable the execution of: monitoring input/output (IO) latency between one or more splitters of a consistency group and replication appliances in a replication cluster for the consistency group (CG); wherein each replication appliance of the replication appliances is configured to be able to receive IO from the one or more splitters; wherein the one or more splitters split IO at a production site by intercepting IO in a data path being written to storage, creating a copy of the IO, and sending the copy to one or more of the replication appliances; wherein the IO latency is the time to send the copy of the IO to a replication appliance; determining which replication appliance of the replication appliances has a lowest latency to receive IO split from a splitter of the one or more splitters; wherein the lowest latency includes the IO latency and an additional latency resulting from a proposed assignment of the CG split by the splitter to the replication appliance; wherein the additional latency results from an addition load on the replication appliance handling IO split from the splitter of the one or more splitter; and configuring the splitter to replicate IO from the CG to the replication appliance determined to have the lowest latency.
 9. The computer program product of claim 8 wherein each replication appliance in the replication cluster runs on a different hypervisor; wherein a hypervisor is enabled to run one or more virtual machines.
 10. The computer program product of claim 8 wherein at least one of the hypervisors is located on a geographically disparate site from at least one other hypervisor.
 11. The computer program product of claim 8 wherein the monitoring is performed by a master replication appliance and wherein the master replication appliance determines and assigns splitters to replication appliances in the replication cluster.
 12. The computer program product of claim 9 wherein the splitter intercepts IO from a virtual machine running in a hypervisor being sent to a virtual disk of the virtual machine.
 13. The computer program product of claim 8 wherein the best allocation of CGs to replication appliances is determined by a machine learning algorithm.
 14. The computer program product of claim 8 wherein the current load on each appliance is considered before the determining and wherein at least one splitter of the one or more slitters runs in a virtualization layer in a hypervisor.
 15. A system for data replication, the system comprising: a production site; a replication cluster; and computer-executable logic operating in memory, wherein the computer-executable program logic is configured for execution of: monitoring input/output (IO) latency between one or more splitters of a consistency group and replication appliances in the replication cluster for the consistency group (CG); wherein each replication appliance of the replication appliances is configured to be able to receive IO from the one or more splitters; wherein the one or more splitters split IO at the production site by intercepting IO in a data path being written to storage, creating a copy of the IO, and sending the copy to one or more of the replication appliances; wherein the IO latency is the time to send the copy of the IO to a replication appliance; determining which replication appliance of the replication appliances has a lowest latency to receive IO split from a splitter of the one or more splitters; wherein the lowest latency includes the IO latency and an additional latency resulting from a proposed assignment of the CG split by the splitter to the replication appliance; wherein the additional latency results from an addition load on the replication appliance handling IO split from the splitter of the one or more splitter; and configuring the splitter to replicate IO from the CG to the replication appliance determined to have the lowest latency.
 16. The system of claim 15 wherein each replication appliance in the replication cluster runs on a different hypervisor; wherein a hypervisor is enabled to run one or more virtual machines.
 17. The system of claim 15 wherein at least one of the hypervisors is located on a geographically disparate site from at least one other hypervisor.
 18. The system of claim 15 wherein the monitoring is performed by a master replication appliance and wherein the master replication appliance determines and assigns splitters to replication appliances in the replication cluster.
 19. The system of claim 15 wherein the best allocation of CGs to replication appliances is determined by a machine learning algorithm.
 20. The system of claim 15 wherein the current load on each replication appliance is considered before the determining and wherein at least one splitter of the one or more slitters runs in a virtualization layer in a hypervisor.
 21. The method of claim 6 wherein the monitoring, determining, and configuring are performed periodically. 